Harnessing C–H Activation and Photoredox Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: A Contemporary Review

Abstract

C–H activation and photoredox catalysis have become complementary and are leading to the synergistic integration into a new potent approach to modern organic synthesis that is highly selective, efficient, and sustainable in its ability to transform molecules. Site-selective functionalization of inert C-H bonds is achieved through C-H activation, and the formation of reactive radical intermediates in mild conditions under visible light is achieved through photoredox catalysis. Their combination enables two-catalytic processes, which provides the possibility to build new bonds and functionalize functional groups late, as well as bring complex molecules, such as natural products, pharmaceuticals, and heterocycles, into easy reach. Recent developments include the emphasis on environmentally friendly procedures, widening the range of substrates, and reaction design that is guided by calculations. This review has outlined key principles, mechanistic understanding, applications, challenges and emerging trends in this field of synthetic chemistry with particular focus on its transformative nature through this dual approach.