Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Management and Intervention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of illness and death worldwide. The following are risk factors for cardiovascular disease: smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and hypertension. From the immediate effects of the gut microbiota on energy metabolism and obesity to the adjacent interaction between periodontal illness, heart attack, and stroke, microorganisms have a major effect on cardiovascular health. The probability of affecting or determining microorganisms is associated with probiotic and prebiotic applications. Probiotics are referred to as "live microorganisms that, when used in sufficient amounts, provide major advantageous effects for the host." The effectiveness of probiotics can be determined by the relationship between probiotic bacteria and the host's microbiome. Many of these fermented strains of probiotic bacteria are obtained from foods. Prebiotics are not microbes; they're just chemical substances that help microorganisms grow. Prebiotics can be observed in various foods, such as unprocessed grains, soybeans, and human milk; however, one of the most common forms is organic oligosaccharide. Probiotics and prebiotics are involved in the treatment of a variety of immune system diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer, according to an increasing number of recent studies.  Yet, little is known about the potential use of these supplements as essential dietary components in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease. The goal of this review is to discuss the function of probiotics, prebiotics, and gut microbiota in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.